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31 Desember 2009

Bagaimana menular adalah flu babi? Kurang dari virus baru yang telah menyebabkan pandemi dunia besar di masa lalu, penelitian baru menunjukkan.

Jika seseorang di rumah Anda memiliki flu babi, peluang Anda untuk penangkapan itu adalah sekitar 1 dari 8, meskipun anak-anak dua kali lebih rentan sebagai orang dewasa, studi ini ditemukan. Ini adalah salah satu upaya ilmiah pertama besar untuk mengetahui berapa banyak penyakit menyebar di rumah dibandingkan di tempat kerja atau sekolah.

Hasil penelitian - yang dilakukan oleh Imperial College London dan US Centers for Disease Control dan Pencegahan - diterbitkan di hari ini New England Journal of Medicine.

Flu babi telah muak diperkirakan seperenam dari Amerika sejak April.

Guantanamo TAHANAN: Pengadilan: info Surveillance dapat tetap rahasia
Sebuah pengadilan banding federal memutuskan Rabu bahwa profesor dan pengacara yang mewakili para tahanan Guantanamo Bay tidak bisa memaksa pemerintah untuk mengungkapkan apakah program antiterorisme menguping pembicaraan mereka.

National Security Agency dan Departemen Kehakiman menolak untuk mematuhi 2006 Kebebasan penggugat 'permintaan Information Act.

Pemerintah telah menolak untuk mengkonfirmasi atau menyangkal keberadaan setiap catatan yang diperoleh di bawah Program Pengawasan Teroris, disahkan oleh Presiden George W. Bush setelah serangan 11 September.

RADIO TUNJUKKAN PEMBAWA ACARA: Limbaugh dilaporkan dibawa ke rumah sakit
Radio talk show konservatif Rush Limbaugh dibawa ke rumah sakit dengan nyeri dada pada hari Rabu, Honolulu stasiun TV melaporkan.

Paramedis menanggapi panggilan dari hotel tempat Limbaugh adalah berlibur, KITV dilaporkan. Stasiun, mengutip sumber tanpa nama, kata Limbaugh, 58, dibawa ke Queens Medical Center dalam kondisi serius.

Juru bicara N. Makana Shook mengatakan rumah sakit tidak bisa komentar.

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PARIS — For each case of swine flu causing high fevers and crippling muscle pains there could be four others without major symptoms, French experts have reported.

Infection rates for the pandemic H1N1 virus in France, where the study was done, may be far higher than previously thought if these so-called “asymptomatic” cases — easily mistaken for a bad cold — are taken into account, according to a study posted online Monday.

The results suggest the same could apply to all the regions in the world where the newly-emerged virus has struck.

Researchers led by Xavier de Lamballerie, director of of the Emerging Viruses Unit of the University of Aix-Marseille, analysed data collected from blood samples given by more than 1,000 women getting regular check-ups during the first trimester of pregnancy.

The samples were collected from across the country over a two-week period at the end of November and early December, said the study, published in PLoS Currents: Influenza, a research-sharing platform vetted by flu experts.

Traces of the swine flu antibodies showed up in more than 10 percent of the women. It was not known how many had had severe flu symptoms.

Extrapolating to the entire male and female population of adults between 20 and 39 years old in mainland France, the researchers calculated that more than 1.7 million people in that age bracket would have been infected.

This figure is five times the number of patients of the same age who consulted a doctor with major flu symptoms over the three-month period up to the end of November, suggesting that four-in-five cases went unreported or — more likely — did not erupt into a severe influenza.

Experts say the H1N1 virus that first emerged in Mexico in March has almost entirely replaced the “normal” seasonal flu, a signature trait of flu pandemics in the 20th century as well.

"Jumlah orang yang terinfeksi oleh flu [babi] adalah lebih tinggi dari kita akan diperkirakan dengan menghitung kasus yang dilaporkan," kata Lamballerie.

Sebuah "tingkat yang luar biasa tinggi" dari kasus tanpa gejala - jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan flu musiman - bisa menjelaskan perbedaan ini, katanya.

Pada saat yang sama, ia memperingatkan terhadap menyimpulkan bahwa itu tidak perlu divaksinasi terhadap strain flu baru.

"Meskipun mungkin benar bahwa ada lebih banyak orang untuk siapa flu kurang serius dan asimtomatik, juga benar bahwa ada banyak orang yang memiliki bentuk yang serius atau sangat serius penyakit" dibandingkan dengan flu biasa, ia mengatakan kepada AFP .

Dia menambahkan bahwa bahkan tidak yakin bahwa menjadi terinfeksi dengan bentuk paling lemah dari virus memberikan perlindungan terhadap yang lebih virulen, meskipun bukti awal disarankan sebagai banyak.

Institut Perancis untuk Surveillance Kesehatan Masyarakat, yang juga berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini, memperingatkan terhadap ekstrapolasi hasil untuk penduduk seluruh Perancis di luar braket 20-ke-39 usia.

Penelitian sebelumnya dari Meksiko dan tempat lain telah menunjukkan bahwa populasi yang lebih tua mungkin memiliki beberapa built-in kekebalan dengan flu babi, yang berkaitan dengan strain yang mendominasi sampai pandemi 1957.

Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) mengatakan Selasa bahwa flu babi telah menewaskan sedikitnya 12.220 orang di seluruh dunia.

Amerika, khususnya Amerika Serikat dan Kanada, telah terkena dampak terburuk dengan setidaknya 6.670 korban, sementara 2.422 kematian dikonfirmasi telah dilaporkan di Eropa, kata WHO.

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December 31, 2009

Women should avoid getting pregnant until after the swine flu pandemic is over, reports today's Beijing News in its top headline.

In a government report published yesterday, the Ministry of Health advised that women who wanted to be pregnant now or in the near future should consider postponing their plans to avoid getting pregnant in the flu season.

According to the ministry, pregnant women who contract the disease, especially the overweight ones will face high risks to develop serious complications including miscarriage, premature birth, fetal distress, and stillbirth; death incidence is also higher among the pregnant women, who account for about 13.7% of the death toll caused by H1N1 flu.

The ministry announced that there were a total of 4,448 newly diagnosed H1N1 flu patients in the last week, among whom, 1,380 were hospitalized. Meanwhile, 93 patients who were diagnosed earlier died.

The ministry warned that with the Chinese new year approaching, increasing population movement will also increase the chances of catching the disease. People who have developed symptoms such as fever and respiratory infection should avoid contact with others.

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Questions to Ask Your Doctor
Here are a few questions to consider asking your health care provider about flu antivirals

* Do I need antiviral treatment if I have flu symptoms?
* When should I call back if I don't feel better?
*What do I do if my child is prescribed oseltamivir and can't swallow capsules? Click here for instructions on how to open capsules and mix the medicine with liquids.
Treatment Is Important for High Risk Groups
People in high risk groups should talk to their health care provider as soon as possible if they think they may have the flu because they have a greater chance of getting serious flu complications than other persons. Flu antiviral drugs can make you feel better, shorten the time you are sick, and prevent serious flu complications, especially if treatment is begun within 2 days of getting sick. Flu antiviral drugs must be prescribed by a physician.

Don't Delay Treatment
If your doctor prescribed Tamiflu® (oseltamivir) or Relenza® (zanamivir) for you, don't delay filling the prescription, and start taking the medication as soon as you get it. This way you will get the most benefit. It's very important that antiviral drugs be started as soon as possible for the flu, ideally within 2 days of getting sick.

Don't Confuse Tamiflu® (oseltamivir) with Theraflu®
Tamiflu® is the brand name and oseltamivir is the generic name of a prescription antiviral drug used to treat the flu and should not be confused with Theraflu®, which is an over-the-counter medication. Antiviral drugs are not sold over-the-counter. You can only get them if you have a prescription from your health care provider.

Side Effects of Flu Antiviral Drugs
The most common side effects of oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) are nausea and vomiting, which can also be symptoms of the flu. Nausea and vomiting can be minimized by taking the medication with food. The most common side effects of zanamivir (Relenza®) are dizziness, sinusitis, runny or stuffy nose, cough, diarrhea, nausea, or headache, also symptoms that can be due to the flu. Zanamivir may also cause wheezing and trouble breathing in people with lung disease; therefore, persons with a history of asthma or another lung disease should not be prescribed zanamivir.

Treatment May Be Needed Even if Test Results are Negative
Your health care provider may diagnose you with flu based on your symptoms and their clinical judgment or they may choose to use an influenza diagnostic test. Health care providers can use rapid flu tests (15 minutes or less) to test a specimen from your nose or throat in their offices. Unfortunately, these tests are less than perfect in telling who really has the flu. Therefore, you could still have the flu, even though your rapid flu test result is negative. Health care providers may prescribe antivirals if they suspect flu, even if the rapid flu test is negative.

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Spicy Indian curries could prevent swine flu and common cold just like any prescribed medicine available with the chemists, claim Russian doctors.

“You can strengthen immunity by consuming spicy food like curries, as spices like turmeric, ginger and cumin also posses excellent therapeutic effect,” an unnamed official of the Moscow [ Images ] anti-epidemics committee was quoted as saying by news agency RIA Novosti.

As panic grips Moscow residents over the spread of seasonal influenza and swine flue in the eastern parts of the country and neighbouring Ukraine, authorities are focusing on prevention and have ordered the use of masks at work place.

Besides the intake of spicy food, people have been advised to consume raw onions and garlic, which contain anti-viral properties.

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In findings that may lead to better ways to prevent and treat influenza and other viral infections, researchers report the discovery of a family of naturally occurring antiviral agents in human cells.

In experiments in human and mouse cells, the flu-fighting proteins prevented or slowed most virus particles from infecting cells at the earliest stage in the virus lifecycle. The anti-viral action happens sometime after the virus attaches itself to the cell and before it delivers its pathogenic cargo.

“We've uncovered the first-line defense in how our bodies fight the flu virus,” said Stephen Elledge, the Gregor Mendel professor of genetics and of medicine at Harvard Medical School (HMS) and a senior geneticist at Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH). “The protein is there to stop the flu. Every cell has a constitutive immune response that is ready for the virus. If we get rid of that, the virus has a heyday.”

“When we knocked the proteins out, we had more virus infection,” said geneticist Abraham Brass, an instructor in medicine at HMS and Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), who led the study first as a postdoctoral fellow in the Elledge research group and then in his own lab at the Ragon Institute. “When we increased the proteins, we had more protection,” Brass said.

The native antiviral defenders are also crucial after the cells are infected, Brass and his co-authors found. In the cells, the proteins accounted for more than half of the protective effect of the interferon immune response. Interferon orchestrates a large component of the infection-fighting machinery.

“Interferons gave the cells even more protection, but not if we took away the antiviral proteins,” Brass said. The study is published online Dec. 17 in the journal Cell.

The potent interferon response is what makes people feel so sick when their bodies are fighting the flu or when receiving interferons as therapy. “If we can figure out ways to increase levels of this protein without interferon, we can potentially increase natural resistance to some viruses without all the side effects of the interferons,” Elledge said.

In the study, the surprisingly versatile antiviral proteins protected cells against several devastating human viruses – not only the current influenza A strains including H1N1 and strains going back to the 1930s, but also West Nile virus and dengue virus. While IFITM did not protect against HIV or the hepatitis C virus, experiments suggested the protein may defend against others, including yellow fever virus.

The researchers do not know how the antiviral proteins deflect this variety of viruses, which use different mechanisms of entry into the cell. The protein family, called interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITM), was first discovered 25 years ago as products of one of the thousands of genes turned on by interferon. Since then, not much else has been discovered about the IFITM family. Versions of the IFITM genes are found in the genomes of many creatures, from fish to chickens to mice to people, suggesting the antiviral mechanism has been working successfully for millions of years in protecting organisms from viral infections.

In Elledge's lab, Brass began the study as a genetic screen to learn how the body blocks the flu. The researchers had previously run similar screens with hepatitis C virus and with HIV. In the screen, the researchers used small interfering RNA to systematically knock down one gene at a time by depleting the proteins the genes were trying to make. Then they examined what effect each blocked gene had on a cell's response to influenza A virus.

The screen revealed more than 120 genes with potential roles in different stages of infection. Four of those genes, when knocked down, allowed for a robust increase in the infection of cells by influenza A virus. Of these four candidate “restriction factors,” the research team concentrated on the IFITM3 protein because of its known link to interferon and found two closely related proteins in the IFITM family with similar activity.

The most distinctive property of the first-line IFITM3 defense is its preventive action before the virus can fuse with the cell, said co-author and virologist Michael Farzan, associate professor of microbiology and molecular genetics at HMS and the New England Primate Research Center. “The virus is unable to make a protein in the cell to counteract the IFITM proteins, because the cell is already primed against the virus,” Farzan said. “To find something that hits the flu and hits it so close to the entry stage of the viral life cycle is really interesting and unusual among viral restriction factors.”

The researchers have more questions than answers about how the IFITM restriction factors actually work, but they are excited about the range of inquiry the discovery opens up. For example, variations in the protein from person to person may explain differences in people's susceptibility to flu and other viral infections, as well as its severity, the researchers speculate.

And if scientists can understand the mechanism of action, they may be able to design new therapies with even better antiviral actions. The proteins themselves may be useful for defending against infections in animals, like birds and pigs, which might prevent the emergence of new, potentially more dangerous influenza A strains.

In another potential application, if IFITM3 has a role in the chicken embryos or canine cells used to make flu vaccines, inhibiting the proteins may speed up vaccine production, which has been an issue this year with the manufacture of the H1N1 pandemic vaccine.

The research was funded by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Phillip T. and Susan M. Ragon Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, New England Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense, Cancer Research UK the Wellcome Trust, and the Kay Kendall Leukaemia Foundation. BWH and MGH have filed a US patent application for this technology that relates to the identification and use of host factors to modulate viral replication/growth.

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Date: 27 Dec 2009

The millions of people who benefit from the care and support that social care workers provide day in, day out see you as one of their most important assets and we are committed to protecting you and your families during the current swine flu pandemic.

“Many of the people you care for and support could become seriously ill if they catch swine flu. We fully support the swine flu vaccination programme – it will reduce the risk to staff, protect their colleagues and families and those they care for and support and help sustain services during the pandemic. The vaccination programme covers councils' directly managed eligible frontline social care workers, as well as eligible independent sector workers and personal assistants to people receiving direct payments.

“It's important that staff can make an informed decision about the vaccination and social care organisations will provide you with information to enable you to do this. The vaccine has been thoroughly tested and is entirely voluntary. We call on social care organisations to ensure that all eligible staff are given suitable and reasonable access to the vaccination during working hours to protect themselves, their families and those they care for and support from swine flu.

“While we recognise that the decision to be vaccinated is a personal matter, we encourage staff to protect themselves with the swine flu vaccine, in addition to the seasonal flu immunisation. It is your best defence against flu this winter.”

Source
UNISON

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